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Trusts and the transparency register – who is the beneficial owner when a trust holds an ownership interest in a Swiss company

Who is the beneficial owner when a trust holds an interest in a Swiss company? Roles, chain of control and borderline cases under LETA and LETO.
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Chains of control in the transparency register – when intermediate companies must be reported

When must chains of control and intermediate companies be reported to the transparency register? Thresholds, reporting duties and practice under LETA/LETO.
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No Correct Report to the Transparency Register Without a Sanctions Check

When does a sanctions check trigger the obligation to report the chain of control to the transparency register? Legal basis, consequences and Konsento’s practical solution.
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When a shareholders’ agreement constitutes acting in concert for the transparency register

When does a shareholders’ agreement make investors beneficial owners under LETA? Swiss stock exchange law practice provides the answer.
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What Swiss Startups Need to Know About Their Reporting Obligations to the Transparency Register

What reporting obligations LETA brings for Swiss startups, when holdings under 25 percent count too, and how to prepare now.
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Banks and the discrepancy notification for domiciliary companies

Why the Transparency Register does not recognise domiciliary companies, when a discrepancy notification is required, and when the exception under Art. 56 LETO applies.
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Domiciliary companies have different beneficial owners at the bank than in the Transparency Register

Why banks record more beneficial owners for a domiciliary company than the Transparency Register, and when no notification is required.
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Control by Other Means: When a Person Without Shares Still Has to Be Reported to the Transparency Register

Control by other means under LETA and LETO explained: when a person qualifies as a beneficial owner without holding shares and must be reported to the transparency register.
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Notification Obligations under the LETA: What Shareholders, Members and Beneficial Owners Need to Know Now

Anyone holding equity interests above 25% bears a personal notification obligation under the LETA. Find out what information must be provided, how the notification flows work, and what sanctions apply for non-compliance.
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Beneficial Owners Under the Transparency Register Explained

What is a beneficial owner? Everything about direct and indirect control, influence rights, and reporting obligations to Switzerland's transparency register.
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FAQ

Frequently asked questions

Who within the company is responsible for determining beneficial ownership and carrying out the verification with the required due care?

The most senior member of the governing body. That person may delegate the task but remains responsible for the proper filing of the report (Art. 12 LETA).

What happens if a shareholder does not cooperate in determining the beneficial ownership?

The company documents the steps it has taken (Art. 8 para. 2 LETA) and states in the report that the verification was unsuccessful (Art. 9 para. 3 LETA, Art. 21 LETO). An intentional breach of the cooperation and reporting obligations may result in a fine of up to CHF 500,000 for the shareholder concerned (Art. 43 let. a LETA).

Is a copy of an identity document always required?

The company must establish whether the person concerned has an OASI number. Only if that is not the case must it obtain a copy of the passport, identity card or foreign national identity card (Art. 10 para. 2 LETO).

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